Average IQ by State in the US for 2026 – See Where Your State Ranks

The average IQ in the United States sits at around 98, based on the most recent data from World Population Review.

Because IQ tests are designed around a baseline average of 100, small shifts across different groups are completely normal. In the U.S., men average about 99 while women score around 97. This minor gap falls well within the expected boundaries of standard testing.

Looking at the bigger picture, the vast majority of populations worldwide cluster tightly between 90 and 109.

Data from MedicineNet and historical cognitive studies show that the American average IQ has actually climbed at a steady pace over the last few decades.

This upward trend comes down to long-term public investments that often go unnoticed. The federal Head Start program, launched back in the 1960s, is a prime example of an initiative designed to level the playing field for kids in low-income homes.

After getting a major expansion in the 2000s, long-term research shows the program still delivers a clear boost to early test scores and sets students up for better academic success down the road.

States have seen great results from their own local investments, too. For instance, universal pre-K programs in states like Oklahoma and Georgia have brought in clear, trackable gains.

Kids who go through these early education programs consistently show stronger vocabulary skills and better logical reasoning, building a solid foundation before they even hit elementary school.

But the steady rise in test scores is not just about time spent in the classroom. Better childhood nutrition has played a massive, quiet role behind the scenes.

Programs like WIC (Women, Infants, and Children) and the National School Lunch Program make sure millions of kids get the right nutrients during the most critical windows of brain development.

Test Your Own IQ in 15 Questions

Now that you know how the scores break down, you can find out where you stand. Take this quick, research-based quiz to get an instant estimate of your own IQ score.

Average IQ by State in the United States

New Hampshire holds its spot near the top because of deliberate spending policies. The state allocates about $20,000 per student every year, putting it in the top five states for per-pupil funding. Since local property taxes cover more than 70% of that budget, communities with strong tax bases can easily afford smaller class sizes and better salaries to keep talented teachers.

Early reading policies also make a major difference. New Hampshire requires strict intervention and summer support for any student falling behind in reading by the third grade. States that enforce these early literacy benchmarks consistently see better math and analytical scores later on, simply because early reading is the foundation for every other subject.

These schools work hand in hand with regional employers, so students get to use math, logic, and problem-solving in real industries like manufacturing, technology, and healthcare. Iowa and Wisconsin use a similar playbook, maintaining high school CTE participation rates above 40%, while many lower-ranked states drop below 25%.

Bottom Ones

At the lower end of the rankings, states like Mississippi and Louisiana are still dealing with the long-term effects of delayed educational policy reforms and tight budgets.

Mississippi spends under $10,000 per student annually, while Louisiana allocates around $11,000, leaving both states thousands of dollars behind the national frontrunners. This funding gap directly impacts classroom stability.

Teacher turnover in these regions regularly climbs past 15% each year, leaving students with a rotating cast of new, inexperienced instructors. Policy delays have also played a major role.

For example, Mississippi did not aggressively target early literacy until 2013, when it passed legislation requiring mandatory interventions for kids who fall behind by the third grade. By contrast, top-ranking states had those exact systems working for decades.

Louisiana has faced its own share of disruptions, including major school district overhauls following Hurricane Katrina, and advanced coursework remains largely concentrated in major urban centers. These patterns show that lower scores are not a reflection of student talent, but rather a direct result of unstable educational environments.

A similar dynamic is playing out across rapidly growing states like Texas, Florida, and Georgia. While their economies are booming, local school systems are struggling to keep pace with population growth. Per-pupil spending in these states ranges from $10,500 to $12,000, sitting below the national average.

Classrooms are filling up faster than states can hire teachers or open new preschool slots, and with looser early literacy rules, performance gaps open up early and rarely close. While affluent suburban districts perform well, underfunded areas lag behind, pulling the statewide averages down to the middle of the pack.

Closing these gaps and improving student outcomes in lower-ranking states will take targeted investments in teacher training, broader pre-K access, and consistent school nutrition programs, all of which have proven track records of turning underperforming districts around over time.

IQ Categories in the US: What the Numbers Really Mean

Based on the standard bell curve model, IQ scores follow a predictable statistical pattern. Roughly 68.2% of the population falls within the 85 to 115 range, which is considered the normal IQ bracket.

This group is split evenly, with 34.1% falling just below the median of 100 and 34.1% sitting just above it. This means the vast majority of Americans cluster tightly around the national average, rather than landing at the extreme highs or lows.

Applying this statistical curve to the U.S. population of about 342 million people gives a clear picture of how these categories break down across the country:

When you look at the actual distribution, the overwhelming majority of people live right in the middle of the scale, with only a small fraction of the population occupying the far ends.

The data directly refutes any cynical assumptions about national intelligence. Statistically speaking, the public operates comfortably within a normal, healthy average baseline.

U.S. IQ Over Time

For decades, psychologists tracked a phenomenon known as the Flynn Effect.

Named after political scientist James R. Flynn, this term describes a steady rise in IQ scores across the industrialized world throughout the 20th century.

In the United States, that growth was remarkably consistent, with average scores climbing by about 3 points per decade between 1930 and 1990. That boom was largely driven by tangible societal upgrades, including better school access, surging literacy rates, improved childhood nutrition, and basic public health victories.

But that long upward climb seems to have hit a wall, and recent data suggests the trend is moving backward.

A 2018 study from researchers at Northwestern University and the University of Oregon revealed that American IQ scores began a slight downward slide after 1995, a shift that showed up most clearly among younger generations. This reversal is not unique to the U.S. either, as researchers have documented similar dips across Europe, including in Norway, Denmark, and the UK.

Timeline of U.S. Average IQ (1900s–Today)

Sociologists and testing experts argue that the initial lifestyle and healthcare gains of the 20th century have maxed out. Today, widening gaps in classroom quality and deep socioeconomic divides are driving the numbers instead.

Average IQ Score by Age

According to data published by the NCBI, our actual mental strengths shift quite a bit as we get older. Even so, standard IQ scores stay level across a lifetime because the tests score each age bracket on its own. A score of 100 just means you hit the exact average for your specific age group, whether you are a high school student or a retiree.

Younger brains are built for speed. This raw problem-solving quickness, known as fluid intelligence, usually peaks when people are in their twenties. On the other side, older adults rely on crystallized intelligence, which builds up through years of learning, vocabulary, and life experience. This deep bank of knowledge helps balance out the natural slowdown in brain speed that happens over time.

Because of this trade-off, a drop in raw mental quickness does not mean you lose intellectual power. Experience and critical thinking keep your overall performance steady, which is why the average score stays right around 100 across all ages.

While the global benchmark is always set at 100, real-world averages shift slightly by country based on local schools, healthcare, and living environments.

In the U.S., national studies usually place the true country average between 97 and 100, which matches most developed nations.

Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence

To understand how these pieces fit together, it helps to look at the two distinct engines that power human intelligence: fluid ability and crystallized knowledge.

• Fluid intelligence is your brain’s processing horsepower. It is how well you handle brand new problems, spot patterns, and reason through things on the fly. This speed peaks during your late teens and early twenties.
• Crystallized intelligence is the opposite. It is the bank of everything you learn over time, like vocabulary, skills, math formulas, and general knowledge built through school and work. This kind of intelligence often keeps growing as you get older.

Modern IQ tests check both types by mixing up subtests like math reasoning, pattern matching, and vocabulary. Since the tests are sorted by age group, the average score stays locked at 100 for every generation.

This keeps things fair. A teenager and a grandparent are only measured against people their own age, so quick reaction times in youth or deep vocabulary in later life do not tilt the scores.

IQ Scores and Intelligence Levels

IQ scores are broken down into brackets to show different learning and thinking levels.

Scores from 110 to 119 show above-average ability, while 120 to 140 represents the gifted range.

Scores above 140 mark the genius category. Only about 2% of the population scores above 130, according to this research note. On the lower end, scores below 70 point to significant learning difficulties.

Historical figures like Albert Einstein and Ada Lovelace had estimated IQs around 160. Rare outliers like mathematician Terence Tao score around 230, landing them in the prodigy category.

Race, Gender, and Socioeconomic Disparities

Race and Ethnicity

According to NCES and APA reports, test score gaps align more closely with household income, parental education, and school funding than with biology.

Gender Differences in IQ

When it comes to IQ, men and women are far more alike than different.

Large-scale research, including reviews by the American Psychological Association and studies on PubMed, shows that the average IQ difference between genders is essentially zero. Any gap that does appear is usually less than one point, which falls well inside the normal margin of error for IQ tests.

Where researchers sometimes see a difference is not in overall ability, but in how the scores spread out. Men’s scores tend to be slightly more spread out, meaning there are a few more men at the very high and very low ends of the scale. Women’s scores cluster more tightly around the average. Even so, the two groups overlap almost completely.

Some smaller parts of the test show minor patterns. Men sometimes score a little higher on certain spatial tasks, while women often do slightly better on verbal fluency or processing speed. These small differences depend heavily on the specific test and usually disappear when looking at overall IQ.

In practical terms, gender tells you almost nothing about a person’s intelligence. The variation within each group is far greater than any difference between them.

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Income and parental education are the strongest predictors of IQ differences in the U.S.

Children from high-income families can score up to 10–15 IQ points higher on average than children from low-income families. This difference reflects better nutrition, enriched learning environments, more books at home, and reliable access to healthcare.

Urban vs. Rural

Urban children often score slightly higher than their rural peers (a 1–3 point difference) due to greater school funding, teacher availability, and extracurricular opportunities.

However, small rural states with strong community-driven education, like Vermont and North Dakota, often outperform large states with underfunded urban districts.

Average IQ

An IQ score of 100 represents the average for each age group, meaning most people fall within 15 points of that mark. However, it measures only certain cognitive skills, not the full range of human intelligence.

IQ Measurement (Psychometric Standard)

1) Scope and Instruments

What researchers are actually measuring here is general cognitive ability, often called g. In plain terms, it is the overall mental horsepower that shows up across different kinds of thinking tasks.

To measure it, psychologists rely on well-established IQ tests like the WAIS for adults, the WISC for children and teens, and the Stanford–Binet. These are formal assessments. They must be given and scored exactly as designed by trained examiners following strict rules to ensure the results are reliable.

All of these tests are built the same way under the hood. Scores are compared against people of the same age, with 100 set as the average and 15 points as the standard spread. Most tests break results into smaller pieces, such as verbal understanding or working memory, and then combine everything into a single Full-Scale IQ score that reflects overall ability.

2) Individual Scoring Pipeline

Tests are administered under standardized conditions, and raw scores for each subtest ($r_k$) are recorded.

These raw scores are then converted to age-scaled scores using the test manual or item response theory (IRT) conversion tables:

Index scores are calculated as weighted sums of the scaled subtests and converted to Index IQ values (mean 100, SD 15).

A Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) is then derived from the designated subtests using the publisher’s official algorithm, which may use classical norms or IRT-based theta values.

Standard Error and Confidence Interval

Most manuals report test reliability ($\rho$) and standard error of measurement (SEM).

$$\text{SEM} = \text{SD}_{\text{IQ}} \times \sqrt{1 – \rho}$$ (where $\text{SD}_{\text{IQ}} = 15$)

$$\text{95\% Confidence Interval} = \text{FSIQ} \pm 1.96 \times \text{SEM}$$

3) Quality Control

• Exclude or flag test sessions conducted under non-standard conditions, such as fatigue, interruptions, coaching, or invalid timing.
• Apply practice-effect corrections if the same test is repeated within a short period.
• Use validated language editions only; results from unstandardized translations should not be interpreted as official IQ scores.

4) Population Estimation (Means, Trends, and Group Comparisons)

• Sampling design: Use probability-based samples that cover the target population through multistage stratified sampling by age, sex, region, and socioeconomic status (SES).
• Weights: Compute design weights ($w_i$) to correct for selection probability, nonresponse, and post-stratification to census margins.
• Weighted mean: $$\bar{Q} = \frac{\sum w_i Q_i}{\sum w_i}$$
• Variance and Confidence Interval:
  $$\text{Var}(\bar{Q}) = g^T \Sigma g$$
  $$\text{95\% CI} = \bar{Q} \pm 1.96 \times \sqrt{\text{Var}(\bar{Q})}$$
• State or regional estimates: Require representative samples or model-based small-area estimation (SAE) with clear uncertainty reporting. Report the mean, standard error, 95% CI, and sample size for each region.
• Trends and renorming: Use the same test instrument and norm set across time points, or apply IRT linking/equating to ensure results remain on a common scale.

If a test publisher provides Flynn Effect adjustments, document them explicitly; otherwise, treat renormed scores as a new metric.

5) Fairness and Validity Checks

Verify measurement invariance and test for differential item functioning (DIF) across sex, language, race/ethnicity, and SES groups.

If invariance does not hold, limit cross-group comparisons to invariant subtests or use statistical alignment methods to adjust results.

6) Reporting Standards

Every reported mean (national, subgroup, or state-level) must include:

7) Limitations

• Sampling error and coverage bias: Nonresponse or underrepresentation of certain groups can skew population estimates.
• Mode and context effects: Results differ between school, clinic, and online settings; only publisher-approved modes are valid.
• Construct boundaries: IQ measures specific cognitive abilities but does not capture creativity, motivation, or personality traits.
• Ecological fallacy: Group averages describe populations, not individual performance.
• Causality: Observed differences between groups are correlational, not causal.

8) Key Formulas (for reference)

Individual 95% Confidence Interval:

$$\text{FSIQ} \pm 1.96 \times 15 \times \sqrt{1 – \rho}$$

Weighted Mean IQ:

$$\bar{Q} = \frac{\sum w_i Q_i}{\sum w_i}$$

Replicate-Based Standard Error (BRR/JKn):

$$\text{SE}(\bar{Q}) = \sqrt{\sum c_r (\bar{Q}_r – \bar{Q})^2}$$

(where $c_r$ represents replication scheme constants)

The Evolution of Testing

The concept of IQ testing has a long history, beginning in the late 1800s when early researchers first attempted to study human intelligence. In 1905, Alfred Binet developed the first recognized intelligence test to help identify students who needed extra academic help.

Shortly after, German psychologist William Stern refined Binet’s work by introducing the concept of the “intelligence quotient,” a term that remains central to how we talk about IQ today.

This innovation eventually led to modern IQ scoring systems, including charts broken down by age, which help compare cognitive performance fairly across different generations.

Over time, IQ tests evolved to evaluate not just school learning but also practical reasoning skills. Tools like the IQ scale by age allow researchers to better understand patterns in intelligence throughout a person’s life.

For example, when people ask “What is the average IQ?” or “What is the average IQ score by age?”, they are referring to these updated systems that look at intellectual development over time.

Typically, the average IQ globally is set at 100, but this varies slightly by region. In fact, the average IQ in the USA tends to hover between 97 and 100, depending on the source and testing methods used.

Although such numbers provide a helpful framework, many experts stress that intelligence cannot be fully captured by a single score.

Despite these updates, critics note that IQ tests remain limited. They often overlook critical areas like creativity, emotional depth, and everyday problem-solving—places where traditional IQ scores do not tell the full story.

Applications of IQ Testing

IQ tests serve multiple purposes, including:

Factors Influencing IQ

Several factors can affect IQ, including genetics, environment, health, education, and early childhood musical training.

IQ scores typically remain stable across lifespan age norms, but raw cognitive speed may peak in early adulthood and gradually decline in older age. Cultural practices and brain anatomy development also play roles in shaping an individual’s performance on cognitive metrics.

Case Studies and Real-Life Examples

People with highest IQ?:

1. Wm. James Sidis – 250–300
2. Terence Tao – 225–230
3. Christopher Hirata – 225
4. Kim Ung Yong – 210
5. Garry Kasparov – 194
6. Marilyn Vos Savant – 190
7. Leonardo da Vinci – 190
8. Judit Polgar – 170
9. A. Einstein – 160–190
10. S. Hawking – 160

— World of Statistics (@stats_feed) October 19, 2021

High-IQ individuals have contributed significantly to their fields, while others with average or below-average IQs have demonstrated success through creativity, perseverance, and other qualities, according to Verywell Mind.

Here are some notable examples of high-IQ achievers:

In contrast, individuals with average or below-average IQs show that intelligence scores alone do not define success:

These examples highlight the multifaceted nature of intelligence, where qualities like creativity, determination, and emotional intelligence play crucial roles.

What IQ Does Not Measure

IQ is a specific measure of certain cognitive abilities; it is not a complete reflection of human intelligence. Many critical skills that drive success and fulfillment lie outside what standardized tests capture.

• Motivation and persistence: A person’s drive to achieve goals often predicts long-term outcomes better than test performance.
• Creativity: The ability to generate novel ideas or think divergently isn’t assessed by IQ tests, which emphasize convergent reasoning.
• Socio-emotional intelligence: Skills like empathy, self-awareness, and cooperation are key to leadership and mental health, yet remain outside the IQ framework.
• Practical and cultural knowledge: Working in complex social settings or adapting to real-world problems depends on life experience, not test-taking skill.

Psychologists often use complementary measures, such as emotional intelligence (EQ) scales, creativity inventories, or personality assessments, to build a fuller picture of an individual’s strengths.

IQ Beyond Academics

IQ measures cognitive skills like reasoning and memory, but life success involves more dimensions.

Key additional dimensions of intelligence include:

For example, leaders like Steve Jobs leveraged creativity more than traditional cognitive skills, reshaping industries with innovative products, as noted in HBR.

While IQ correlates moderately with academic performance, other factors, such as adaptability and emotional resilience, are strong predictors of career and personal achievements.

IQ vs. EQ Debate

IQ and EQ measure two distinct sides of human functionality.

IQ is about raw thinking skills, memory, logic, problem-solving, and cognitive processing speed. It reliably predicts school performance or how well someone handles technical, analytical tasks.

EQ, or emotional intelligence, focuses on interpersonal skills. It encompasses how well you read emotions, handle stress, empathize, and navigate social situations. This form of intelligence shows up in teamwork, leadership, and relationship management.

Research over the past two decades has clarified this division. A high IQ helps secure opportunities, but EQ often determines long-term growth.

One finding reported in Harvard Business Review showed that around 90% of top-performing managers scored high in EQ, even when their IQ scores were average. In real life, interpersonal understanding often outweighs technical metrics.

Comparison of IQ and EQ

This debate highlights that while IQ remains important, adaptability, creativity, and emotional intelligence are equally critical in determining life outcomes.

Nutrition and Cognitive Science

Nutrition plays a direct role in brain development and influences cognitive metrics. Several studies have linked dietary factors like omega-3 fatty acids, iodine, iron, and overall prenatal nutrition with higher cognitive outcomes.

• Omega-3 fatty acids (DHA, EPA): Essential for brain cell membrane function; supplementation in developmental stages has been shown to increase IQ by 3–4 points on average.
• Iodine: Critical for thyroid function; iodine deficiency in pregnancy is one of the leading preventable causes of lower IQ worldwide, reducing scores by 10–15 points in severe cases.
• Prenatal and Early Childhood Nutrition: A 2013 study in The Lancet found that children receiving balanced nutrition before age 5 scored significantly higher on later intelligence tests.
• Iron & Micronutrients: Deficiencies can impair memory, attention, and problem-solving capacities.

Nutritional Factors and IQ Impact

These findings highlight that cognitive development is not entirely fixed at birth; environment and nutrition significantly influence outcomes. This makes public health programs, prenatal care, and school nutrition critical tools for supporting average cognitive performance.

Global Comparisons of Average IQ

 

Global comparisons of IQ

When examining global comparisons of IQ, it becomes clear that population averages vary significantly across countries. These variations are strongly influenced by systemic factors, including access to quality education, healthcare availability, nutrition, economic development, and social stability.

Countries with well-funded school systems, comprehensive public healthcare, and stable living conditions, such as Singapore, Japan, and South Korea, report high average IQ scores, often exceeding 105. In contrast, nations facing limited educational resources, widespread infrastructure challenges, and health obstacles generally display lower population averages.

For example, while the average IQ in the USA is approximately 98, countries like Singapore and Japan have higher population averages at around 108 and 106, respectively. European nations such as Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Germany typically range between 100 and 104, reflecting strong national investments in education and child development.

Meanwhile, developing countries in parts of Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia often report lower average scores due to systemic barriers like underfunded schools, malnutrition, and limited access to early childhood care.

Cultural and Environmental Impacts

Statistics and Visual Insights

Based on standardized data, cognitive metrics scale across the lifespan:

Here’s a general breakdown of global IQ distribution patterns:

Limitations and Misconceptions

While IQ tests measure specific cognitive processes, they do not encompass all dimensions of human intelligence, such as artistic creativity, practical common sense, or spatial intuition outside testing rooms.
High IQ scores do not guarantee professional or personal success, especially in high-stress, real-world, or social scenarios.
Furthermore, over-reliance on raw test metrics can introduce systemic bias and societal prejudice if cultural variables are ignored.
Intelligence is inherently multifaceted, and qualities like adaptability, emotional health, and practical judgment extend beyond what an IQ score captures.

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FAQs

Disclaimer: On IQ Rankings and Socioeconomic Factors

Comparing average IQ scores across countries seems straightforward, but it remains a highly debated topic in cognitive science. These figures do not exist in isolation; they are deeply intertwined with how a society funds education, manages healthcare, and addresses socioeconomic equity.

Differences in school quality, public health, childhood nutrition, and family income directly impact performance on standardized psychometric tests.

In many cases, national test gaps reveal disparities in opportunity and development rather than variance in innate potential. Children raised in regions with robust public school funding and reliable healthcare access inherently perform better on assessments designed around academic logic metrics.

Both the OECD and the World Bank caution against using these cross-border rankings to infer biological intellectual hierarchies. For instance, the OECD’s PISA reports show that teacher qualification standards, early learning infrastructure, and equitable school financing have clear, measurable effects on standardized outcomes.

Similarly, data from the World Bank’s Human Capital Project shows that micronutrient deficiencies and limited school enrollment years can depress average cognitive test performance by several points on a population scale.

Ultimately, cross-country IQ data serves as a measure of social investment—reflecting how effectively a nation supports education, community health, and equal development opportunities rather than absolute limits on human intelligence.

Methodology & Data Integrity

This investigative analysis employs a descriptive and comparative research design, synthesizing aggregated psychometric metrics and socioeconomic data from leading public health repositories, educational research bodies, and institutional databases.

Data Sources & Core Benchmarks

To construct a reliable demographic and geographic profile of cognitive metrics across the United States, primary data was cross-examined from the following foundational tracking systems:

Statistical Standardization & Processing

The target window for this assessment is centered on the 2025–2026 current cycle, ensuring the integration of contemporary population updates.

• Population Weighting: Raw state-level cognitive indices were synthesized using weighted means to accurately account for divergent state populations and minimize regional sampling variance.
• Normal Distribution Alignment: In accordance with standard psychometric convention, all calculations assume an age-normed Gaussian distribution, anchored by a baseline population mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.
• Rounding Thresholds: For statistical consistency and alignment with baseline reporting protocols, final data points were rounded precisely to one decimal place.

Uncertainty & Methodological Limitations

Because the United States lacks a unified, federally mandated cognitive census, dataset heterogeneity introduces inherent margins of error.

Variations in testing instruments—specifically across the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V), and Stanford–Binet models—introduce baseline measurement variance.

Accounting for sample size discrepancies and geographic reporting gaps, the estimated margin of uncertainty is capped at ±1.5 points at the state level and ±1.0 point at the national macro-level. This comparative snapshot measures demographic trends and localized systemic investments rather than fixed biological capacity.

References

• American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Men and women: No big difference. https://www.apa.org/topics/personality/men-women-difference
• DataPandas. (2024). Average IQ by state. https://www.datapandas.org/ranking/average-iq-by-state
• Harvard Business Review. (2012). The real leadership lessons of Steve Jobs. https://hbr.org/2012/04/the-real-leadership-lessons-of-steve-jobs
• Lynn, R., & Irwing, P. (2004). Sex differences on the Progressive Matrices: A meta-analysis. Intelligence. https://emilkirkegaard.dk/en/wp-content/uploads/R.-Lynn-and-P.-Irwing-Sex-differences-on-the-Progressive-Matrices-a-meta-analysis1.pdf
• MedicineNet. (n.d.). What is the normal range for IQ? https://www.medicinenet.com/what_is_the_normal_range_for_iq/article.htm
• National Center for Biotechnology Information. (n.d.). The relationship between age and cognitive development. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3650086/
• National Center for Biotechnology Information. (n.d.). Global IQ averages and educational impact. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6088505/
• OECD. (n.d.). Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). https://www.oecd.org/en/about/programmes/pisa.html
• Verywell Mind. (n.d.). Are people with high IQs more successful? https://www.verywellmind.com/are-people-with-high-iqs-more-successful-2795280
• World Bank. (2020). The human capital index 2020 update: Human capital in the time of COVID-19. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/456901600111156873/pdf/The-Human-Capital-Index-2020-Update-Human-Capital-in-the-Time-of-COVID-19.pdf
• Study.com. (n.d.). IQ scores form a normal distribution (μ=100, σ=15): What proportion scores above 140? https://homework.study.com/explanation/iq-scores-form-a-normal-distribution-with-mu-100-and-sigma-15-individuals-with-iqs-above-140-are-classified-in-the-genius-category-what-proportion-of-the-population-consists-of-geniuses-a-0-9962-b-0-5038-c-0-4962-d-0-0038.html